References used for California Snakes and How to Find Them
Below is a list of scientific articles and books I read when doing research for the book. In addition, I referred heavily to the excellent website www.CaliforniaHerps.com.
Balfour, Peter S., and Eric W. Stitt. “Transcontinental Introductions of Watersnakes (Nerodia) into California.” Proceedings of the 23rd Vertebrate Pest Conference, vol. 23, 2008, pp. 301-303. https://doi.org/10.5070/V423110522.
Brattstrom, Bayard H., and Richard C. Schwenkmeyer. “Notes on the Natural History of the Worm Snake, Leptotyphlops humilis.” Herpetologica, vol. 7, no. 4, 1951, pp. 193–96. http://www.jstor.org/stable/27669716.
Britt, Eric J., et al. “The Energetic Consequences of Dietary Specialization in Populations of the Garter Snake, Thamnophis elegans.” The Journal of Experimental Biology, vol. 209, no.16, 2006, pp. 3164-3169. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.02366.
Britt, Eric J., et al. "Dental Morphologies in Gartersnakes (Thamnophis) and Their Connection to Dietary Preferences," Journal of Herpetology, vol. 43, no. 2, 2009, pp. 252-259. https://doi.org/10.1670/08-109R1.1.
Brodie, Edmund D. 3rd, and Edmund D. Brodie, Jr. “Tetrodotoxin Resistance in Garter Snakes: An Evolutionary Response of Predators to Dangerous Prey.” Evolution, vol. 44, no. 3, 1990, pp. 651-659. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1990.tb05945.x.
Brown, Tracey K., et al. “Spatial ecology, habitat use, and survivorship of resident and translocated Red Diamond Rattlesnakes (Crotalus ruber).” In The Biology of Rattlesnakes (pp. 377–394), Loma Linda University Press, 2008.
Burbrink, Frank T., et al. “Phylogeography Across a Continent: The Evolutionary and Demographic History of the North American Racer (Serpentes: Colubridae: Coluber constrictor).” Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, vol. 47, no. 1, 2008, pp. 274-288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2007.10.020.
Cardwell, Mike D. The Mohave Rattlesnake - and How it Became an Urban Legend. New Mexico, ECO Publishing, 2020.
Cochran, Chip, et al. "Diet and Feeding Frequency in the Southwestern Speckled Rattlesnake (Crotalus pyrrhus): Ontogenetic, Sexual, Geographic, and Seasonal Variation.” Journal of Herpetology, vol. 55, no. 1, 2021, pp. 77-87. https://doi.org/10.1670/19-144. https://doi.org/10.1670/19-144.
Cox, Christian L., et al. “Synopsis and Taxonomic Revision of Three Genera in the Snake Tribe Sonorini.” Journal of Natural History, vol. 52, 2018, pp. 945-988, https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2018.1449912.
Cook, Sherburne F. “On the Occurrence and Life History of Contia tenuis.” Herpetologica, vol. 16, no. 3, 1960, pp. 163–73. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3890057.
Corbit, Aaron G., and William K. Hayes. 2022. "Human-Wildlife Conflict at a Suburban–Wildlands Interface: Effects of Short- and Long-Distance Translocations on Red Diamond Rattlesnake (Crotalus ruber) Activity and Survival.” Diversity, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 130. https://doi.org/10.3390/d14020130.
Cunningham, John D. “Reproduction and Food of Some California Snakes.” Herpetologica, vol. 15, no. 1, 1959, pp. 17–19. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3889591.
Devitt, Thomas J., et al. "The Trimorphodon biscutatus (Squamata: Colubridae) Species Complex Revisited: A Multivariate Statistical Analysis of Geographic Variation," Copeia, vol. 2008, no. 2, 2008, pp. 370-387. https://doi.org/10.1643/CH-07-045.
Douglas, Michael E., et al. "Genealogical Concordance between Mitochondrial and Nuclear DNAs Supports Species Recognition of the Panamint Rattlesnake (Crotalus mitchellii stephensi).” Copeia, vol. 2007, no. 4, 2007, pp. 920-932. https://doi.org/10.1643/0045-8511(2007)7[920:GCBMAN]2.0.CO;2.
Dugan, Eric A., and William K. Hayes. "Diet and Feeding Ecology of the Red Diamond Rattlesnake, Crotalus ruber (Serpentes: Viperidae).” Herpetologica, vol. 68, no. 2, 2012, pp. 203-217. https://doi.org/10.1655/HERPETOLOGICA-D-11-00008.1.
Edgehouse, Michael, et al. “Interspecific Aggression and Habitat Partitioning in Garter Snakes.” PLoS ONE, vol. 9, no. 1, 2014, pp. e86208. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0086208.
Ersan, Julia S. M., et al. “Giant Gartersnakes (Thamnophis gigas) Exploit Abundant Nonnative Prey While Maintaining Their Appetite for Native Anurans.” Herpetologica, vol. 76, no. 3, 2020, pp. 290–296. https://doi.org/10.1655/Herpetologica-D-18-00026.1.
Fitch, Henry S. “Study of Snake Populations in Central California.” The American Midland Naturalist, vol. 41, no. 3, 1949, pp. 513–79. https://doi.org/10.2307/2421774.
Ford, Neil B., and Michael L. O’Bleness. “Species and Sexual Specificity of Pheromone Trails of the Garter Snake, Thamnophis marcianus.” Journal of Herpetology, vol. 20, no. 2, 1986, pp. 259–62. https://doi.org/10.2307/1563954.
Gardner, Stephanie A., and Joseph R. Mendelson III. “Diet of the Leaf-nosed Snake, Phyllorhynchus (Squamata: Colubridae): Squamate-Egg Specialists.” The Southwestern Naturalist, vol. 48, no. 4, 2003, pp. 550-556. https://doi.org/10.1894/0038-4909(2003)048<0550:DOTLSP>2.0.CO;2.
Gehlbach, Fred R., and Robert S. Baldridge. “Live Blind Snakes (Leptotyphlops dulcis) in Eastern Screech Owl (Otus asio) Nests: A Novel Commensalism.” Oecologia, vol. 71, 1987, pp. 560–563. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00379297.
Germano, David J., and Paul T. Smith. "Molecular Evidence for Parthenogenesis in the Sierra Garter Snake, Thamnophis couchii (Colubridae)," The Southwestern Naturalist, vol. 55, no. 2, 2010, pp. 280-282. https://doi.org/10.1894/WL-29.1.
Goldberg, Stephen R. “Reproduction in the Striped Racer, Masticophis lateralis (Colubridae).” Journal of Herpetology, vol. 9, no. 4, 1975, pp. 361-363. https://doi.org/10.2307/1562941.
Goldberg, Stephen R. "Reproduction in the California Mountain Kingsnake, Lampropeltis zonata (Colubridae), in Southern California." Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences, vol. 94, no. 3, 1995, pp. 218-221.
Goldberg, Stephen R. “Reproduction in the Western Shovel-nosed Snake, Chionactis occipitalis (Colubridae) from California.” The Great Basin Naturalist, vol. 57, no. 1, 1997, pp. 85–87. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41712981.
Goldberg, Stephen R. "Reproduction in the Longnose Snake, Rhinocheilus lecontei (Serpentes: Colubridae)." Texas Journal of Science, vol. 52, no. 4, 2000, pp. 319-326.
Goldberg, Stephen R. “Reproduction in the Glossy Snake, Arizona elegans (Serpentes: Colubridae) from California.” Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences, vol. 99, no. 2, 2000, pp. 105.
Goldberg, Stephen R. “Reproduction in the Speckled Rattlesnake, Crotalus mitchellii (Serpentes: Viperidae).” Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences, vol. 99, no. 2, 2000, pp. 101.
Goldberg, Stephen R. “Reproduction in the Ground Snake, Sonora semiannulata (Serpentes: Colubridae), from Arizona.” The Southwestern Naturalist, vol. 46, no. 3, 2001, pp. 387–91. https://doi.org/10.2307/3672441.
Goldberg, Stephen R. “Reproduction in the Western Threadsnake, Leptotyphlops humilis (Serpentes: Leptotyphlopidae), from Arizona.” Journal of the Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science, vol. 36, no. 1, 2003, pp. 5–7. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40022385.
Goldberg, Stephen R. “Reproductive Cycle of the Sidewinder, Crotalus cerastes (Serpentes: Viperidae), from California.” The Texas Journal of Science, vol. 56, no. 1, 2004, pp. 55-62.
Goldberg, Stephen R., and William S. Parker. “Seasonal Testicular Histology of the Colubrid Snakes, Masticophis taeniatus and Pituophis melanoleucus.” Herpetologica, vol. 31, no. 3, 1975, pp. 317–22. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3891594.
Grismer, Jesse, et al. “Genomic Data Reveal Local Endemism in Southern California Rubber Boas (Serpentes: Boidae, Charina) and the Critical Need For Enhanced Conservation Actions.” Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, vol. 174, 2022, pp. 107542, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107542.
Halstead, Brian J., et al. "Habitat Suitability and Conservation of the Giant Gartersnake (Thamnophis gigas) in the Sacramento Valley of California," Copeia, vol. 2010, no. 4, 2010, pp. 591-599, https://doi.org/10.1643/CE-09-199.
Hammerson, Geoffrey A. “Observations on the Reproduction, Courtship, and Aggressive Behavior of the Striped Racer, Masticophis lateralis euryxanthus (Reptilia, Serpentes, Colubridae).” Journal of Herpetology, vol. 12, no. 2, 1978, pp. 253–55. https://doi.org/10.2307/1563418.
Holding, Matthew L., et al. “Coevolution of Venom Function and Venom Resistance in a Rattlesnake Predator and its Squirrel Prey.” Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol. 283, no. 1829, 2016, pp. 20152841. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.2841.
Hoyer, Richard F., and Glenn R. Stewart. “Biology of the Rubber Boa (Charina bottae), with Emphasis on C. b. umbratica. Part II: Diet, Antagonists, and Predators.” Journal of Herpetology, vol. 34, no. 3, 2000, pp. 354–60. https://doi.org/10.2307/1565356.
Hoyer, Richard F., and Glenn R. Stewart. “Biology of the Rubber Boa (Charina bottae), with Emphasis on C. b. umbratica. Part I: Capture, Size, Sexual Dimorphism, and Reproduction.” Journal of Herpetology, vol. 34, no. 3, 2000, pp. 348–54. https://doi.org/10.2307/1565355.
Hoyer, Richard F., et al. “Dwarf Populations of Rubber Boas (Charina bottae) in Southern California.” The Southwestern Naturalist, vol. 64, no. 1, 2020, pp. 23-30. https://doi.org/10.1894/0038-4909-64-1-23.
Jennings, W. Bryan, et al. “Dependence of the Garter Snake Thamnophis elegans on Amphibians in the Sierra Nevada of California.” Journal of Herpetology, vol. 26, no. 4, 1992, pp. 503–05. https://doi.org/10.2307/1565132.
Kawai, Nobuyuki. The Fear of Snakes. Evolutionary and Psychobiological Perspectives on Our Innate Fear. Singapore, Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd., 2019.
Klauber, Laurence M. Rattlesnakes. Their Habits, Life Histories, and Influence on Mankind. Berkeley and Los Angeles, University of California Press, 1956.
Lawing, A. Michelle, et al. “Climate and Competition Shape Species' Borders: A Study of the Panamint (Crotalus stephensi) and Speckled (Crotalus mitchellii) Rattlesnakes.” International Scholarly Research Notices, vol. 2012, 2012, Article ID 528745. https://doi.org/10.5402/2012/528745.
Levine, Michael, et al. “Neurotoxicity Associated With the Southern Pacific Rattlesnake (Crotalus helleri).” Annals of Emergency Medicine, vol. 81, no. 3, 2023, pp. 318-322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2022.08.020.
Lind, Craig M., et al. “The Relationship Between Plasma Steroid Hormone Concentrations and the Reproductive Cycle in the Northern Pacific Rattlesnake, Crotalus oreganus.” General and Comparative Endocrinology, vol. 166, no. 3, 2010, pp. 590-599. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygcen.2010.01.026.
McGlothlin, Joel W. “Parallel Evolution of Tetrodotoxin Resistance in Three Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel Genes in the Garter Snake Thamnophis sirtalis.” Molecular Biology and Evolution, vol. 31, no. 11, 2014, pp. 2836–2846, https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msu237.
Mulcahy, Daniel G. “Phylogeography and Species Boundaries of the Western North American Nightsnake (Hypsiglena torquata): Revisiting the Subspecies Concept.” Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, vol. 46, no. 3, 2008, pp. 1095-1115, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2007.12.012.
Myers, Edward A., et al. “Multilocus Phylogeographic Assessment of the California Mountain Kingsnake (Lampropeltis zonata) Suggests Alternative Patterns of Diversification for the California Floristic Province.” Molecular Ecology, vol. 22, no. 21, 2013, pp. 5418-29. https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.12478.
Norris, Kenneth S., and J. Lee Kavanau. “The Burrowing of the Western Shovel-Nosed Snake, Chionactis occipitalis Hallowell, and the Undersand Environment.” Copeia, vol. 1966, no. 4, 1966, pp. 650–64. https://doi.org/10.2307/1441397.
Ota, Hidetoshi, et al. “Morphological Variation, Karyotype and Reproduction of the Parthenogenetic Blind Snake, Ramphotyphlops braminus, From the Insular Region of East Asia and Saipan.” Amphibia-Reptilia, vol. 12, no. 2, 1991, pp. 181-193. https://doi.org/10.1163/156853891X00158.
Pickwell, George V. “Knotting and Coiling Behavior in the Pelagic Sea Snake Pelamis platurus (L.).” Copeia, vol. 1971, no. 2, 1971, pp. 348–50. https://doi.org/10.2307/1442853.
Reed, Robert N., et al. "Ecology and Control of an Introduced Population of Southern Watersnakes (Nerodia fasciata) in Southern California.” Herpetologica, vol. 72, no. 2, 2016. pp. 130-136. https://doi.org/10.1655/HERPETOLOGICA-D-14-00061.
Rieser, Jennifer M., et al. “Functional Consequences of Convergently Evolved Microscopic Skin Features on Snake Locomotion.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States, vol. 118, no. 6, 2021, pp. e2018264118. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2018264118.
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Rodríguez-Robles, Javier A. “Feeding ecology of North American Gopher Snakes (Pituophis catenifer, Colubridae).” Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, vol. 77, no. 2, 2002, pp. 165–183, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1095-8312.2002.00098.x.
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Rodríguez-Robles, Javier A. et al. “Food Habits of the Glossy Snake, Arizona elegans, with Comparisons to the Diet of Sympatric Long-Nosed Snakes, Rhinocheilus lecontei.” Journal of Herpetology, vol. 33, no. 1, 1999, pp. 87–92. https://doi.org/10.2307/1565546.
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